Showing posts with label Archaeology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Archaeology. Show all posts

Saturday, September 8, 2012

ခ်ရပ္စ္ဂူ

 ပန္ခ်င္းေတာင္ (Bukit Panching)
မထင္မွတ္ပဲ၊ ႀကိဳတင္စီစဥ္ တာေတြ မလုပ္ပါပဲ ပန္ခ်င္းေတာင္ (Bukit Panching) ေပၚက ခ်ရပ္စ္ဂူ ကိုေလ့လာျဖစ္ခဲ့ ပါတယ္။ မေလးရွားကၽြန္းဆြယ္ ရဲ႕ အေရွ႕ဖက္ ကမ္းရိုးတမ္း က Cherating Beach ကို ပိတ္ရက္ရွည္ ရတုန္း မိသားစုနဲ႔ သြားခဲ့ ရာမွ အျပန္ နာမည္ေက်ာ္ Kuantan ၿမိဳ႕ ကို၀င္၊ အဲဒီကေနမွ ကီလို သုံးဆယ္ ေလာက္ထပ္ေမာင္း ၿပီး ဆီအုန္းၿခံ ေတြရဲ႕ အလယ္ က ဇြဲကပင္ေတာင္ ႀကီးလို ထီးထီး ႀကီးရွိေနသည့္ ပန္ခ်င္း ေတာင္ကိုေရာက္ခဲ့တာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ခ်ရပ္စ္ဂူ (Gua Charas) ကေတာ့ ပန္ခ်င္းေတာင္ ရဲ႕ ေတာင္ထိပ္ မေရာက္ခင္ ေလးပုံ တစ္ပုံေလာက္အလို ေလာက္ မွာရွိတယ္လို႔ ယူဆပါတယ္။ ပန္ခ်င္းေတာင္ ဟာ က်ေနာ့္ အထင္ ေပ ၂၀၀၀ နီးပါး ေလာက္ ျမင့္တယ္လို႔ ထင္ပါတယ္။ Tourism Malaysia ရဲ႕   information plate မွာေရးထားတာ ေတာ့ မီတာ ၁၀၀၀ ပါတဲ့။ ေပ ၃၀၀၀ ေက်ာ္ျမင့္တယ္ဆိုတဲ့ သေဘာေပါ့။ က်ေနာ္ေတာ့ မထင္ပါဘူး။ ေတာင္ က ပန္ခ်င္းေတာင္ ျဖစ္ၿပီး ဂူနာမည္ က်မွ ဘာေၾကာင့္ ခ်ရပ္စ္ဂူ ျဖစ္ေနရတာ လဲ ဆိုတာကလဲ စိတ္၀င္စားစရာ ေကာင္းေလာက္ေအာင္ အေျဖရွာ မေတြ႔ ပါဘူးလို႔ လဲ ဆိုပါတယ္။ ထုံးေက်ာက္ ေတာင္ ႀကီး နဲ႔ ဂူ ဟာအနည္းဆုံး ႏွစ္သန္းေပါင္း ၄၀၀ ေလာက္ သက္တမ္းရွိၿပီလို႔ ဆိုပါတယ္။

Caving (Spelunking)  သမားေတြ အတြက္ေတာ့ Gua Charas ဟာ Adventure Cave နဲ႔ Show Cave အမ်ိဳးအစား ႏွစ္မ်ိဳးရွိရာမွာ အျပဂူ (Show Cave) အမ်ိဳးအစား ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။  အၾကမ္းအားျဖင့္ ဂူအတြင္းပိုင္း က်ယ္ျပန္႔ ၿပီး လမ္းေလွ်ာက္၀င္သြားလို႔ ရတဲ့ ဂူအမ်ိဳး အစား ေတြကို Show Cave လို႔ ေခၚၿပီး ခက္ခဲခဲ ႀကိဳးေတြ ဓါတ္မီးေတြ စတဲ့ (Caving Gear) နဲ႔၀င္ရတဲ့ ဂူအမ်ိဳးအစား ေတြကိုေတာ့ Adventure Cave လို႔ ဆိုရမွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဂူေတြ ထဲကို ၀င္ၾကည့္ ရင္ စိတ္၀င္စား စရာ၊ ေလ့လာစရာ ေတြ အမ်ားႀကီး ရွိပါတယ္။ အနည္းဆုံး ဘူမိေဗဒ၊ ဂူအတြင္းထဲ က အင္းဆက္ပိုးမႊားေတြ၊ ဖားျပဳပ္၊ ေျမြ၊ လင္းႏို႔၊ အပင္ အမ်ိဳးအစားေတြ အျပင္ ကမာၻဦးလူသား ေတြ ေနထိုင္ခဲ့ တဲ့ ဂူေတြမွာ ဆိုရင္ နံရံေဆးေရး ပန္းခ်ီေတြ ကိုၾကည့္ ၿပီး ဘယ္လို ေနထိုင္ ခဲ့တယ္၊ ဘယ္လို ေက်ာက္လက္နက္ ေတြ ကိုသုံး စြဲ ခဲ့တယ္ စသည္ျဖင့္ သမိုင္းမတင္ မွီက အေၾကာင္းေတြကို ေလ့လာ ႏိုင္မွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ Caving အေၾကာင္း ကို ဒီေနရာမွာ ေရးခဲ့ဘူးပါတယ္။

 ေတာင္ေျခက ဆိုင္ကေလး

ပန္ခ်င္းေတာင္ ေျခ ကိုေရာက္ေတာ့ ကိုယ္ပိုင္ ကားေတြ အျပင္ တိုးရစ္ ေတြ အျပည့္နဲ႔ Tour Bus တစ္စီး ရပ္ထားတာ ေတြ႔ ရပါတယ္။ ႏိုင္ငံျခားသားဧည့္သည္ေတြကို ျပသရာ နာမည္ႀကီး Point of Tourist Attraction မဟုတ္ေသာ္ လည္း ေဒသခံ ေတြ နဲ႔ အတူ တိုးရစ္ေတြ ပါလာေရာက္ ေလ့လာ ၾကတာ ေတြ႔ ရပါတယ္။ ကာပါကင္ ခ ၂ ရင္းဂစ္ ေပးၿပီး အေပၚကို တက္ၾကည့္ တဲ့ အခါမွာ ဂူကို ရုပ္တရက္မေတြ႔ ရလို႔ စိတ္ပ်က္ သလိုေတာင္ ျဖစ္သြားပါေသးတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္ ဂူကို ထိမ္းသိမ္းေစာင့္ ေရွာက္တဲ့ အိႏၵိယ လူမ်ိဳး က ေနာက္ထပ္ ၀င္ေၾကး ၂ ရင္းဂစ္ထပ္ေတာင္းၿပီး ေတာင္ေပၚကိုတက္တဲ့ သံေလွကားရွိရာ ကို လမ္းညႊန္ပါတယ္။ တကယ္ေတာ့ ခ်ရပ္စ္ဂူ ဟာ ေတာင္ႀကီးေတာင္ ေပၚက ဂူလိုမ်ိဳး ေတာင္ ထိပ္နားမွာ ျဖစ္ေပၚေနတာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဂူရွိရာ ေတာင္ေပၚ ကိုတက္ ေတာ့ တရုတ္ဘုံေက်ာင္း ေတြမွာ ေတြရတတ္တဲ့ အျပင္အဆင္မ်ိဳး တြ႔ ရၿပီး တံေဆာင္းလို ႏွစ္ထပ္ အေဆာက္အဦ ႏွစ္လုံး ေတြ႕႕ ရပါတယ္။ အထဲမွာ မယာယန ဆင္းတုေတာ္ေတြ အမ်ားစု လိုမ်ိဳး စ်ာန မုျဒာ ဆင္းတုေတာ္ တစ္ဆူ ဖူးေတြ႔ ရပါတယ္။ တခ်ိန္က တရုတ္ဗုဒၶဘာသာ ေတြႀကီး စိုးခဲ့ ဟန္တူေပမယ့္ ယခု အခ်ိန္မွာေတာ့ အႏၵိယ တမီလ္ လူမ်ိဳးေတြ ကိုပဲ ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ေနတာ ေတြရပါတယ္။




 သံေလွကား နဲ႔ တက္ခဲ့ပါ

  ေလွကားထိပ္မွ

ဂူအ၀င္၀
 

ဆင္ ႏွင့္ ေမ်ာက္ ၏ ဆည္းကပ္မွု႔ ကိုခံယူေန ပုံရုပ္ပြားေတာ္ တစ္ဆူ


  မူလ သာသနာျပဳ ထိုင္းရဟန္းေတာ္ အလွဴမွတ္တမ္း

ေက်ာက္ ငါး ေလလား




၀င္ေၾကး ၂ ရင္းဂစ္ေပး ၿပီး မတ္ေစာက္လွတဲ့ ေက်ာက္ေတာင္မွာ တပ္ဆင္ထားတဲ့ သံေလွကား ႏွစ္ဆင့္ ကို တက္ၿပီး ေက်ာက္သား ေလွကား အတိုင္း အနည္းငယ္ ထပ္တက္တာနဲ႔ ဂူ၀ကို ေရာက္ပါတယ္။ ဂူအ၀င္၀မွာ ကတည္း Caving လုပ္ရင္ခံစားရေလ့ရွိတဲ့ ေအးစိမ့္စိမ့္ စိုစြတ္စြတ္ အထိအေတြ႔၊ ေအာက္သက္သက္ အနံ႔၊ လင္းႏို႔ ေတြ အုပ္စုလိုက္ လွဳပ္ရွားသံ ေတြ ကို စတင္ခံစား ရေတာ့ တာပါပဲ။ ဂူ အ၀က ေန အတြင္းပိုင္း ကို ဆက္သြယ္ ထားတဲ့ မီးလိုင္း ေတြ ရွိၿပီး ေလွ်ာက္လမ္း တေလွ်ာက္မွာ လွ်ပ္စစ္မီးေတြ သြယ္တန္း ထြန္းညွိထား ေပမယ့္ ဂူထဲ မွာ ေမွာင္မည္း ေနၿပီး ထြန္းထားတဲ့ မီးေရာင္ ေတြက လဲ အေရာင္ ေတြ ျပန္႔ ၿပီး အရာ၀တၳဳ ေတြကိုသဲသဲကြဲ ကြဲ ျမင္ရ ေလာက္ေအာင္ လင္းမေနပါဘူး။ ဂူအ၀ ကေန အနည္းငယ္ ဆင္းသြား လိုက္တာနဲ႔ အႏၵိယ အမ်ိဳးသား တစ္ေယာက္ ေက်ာက္ျဖစ္ေနတယ္ ဆိုတဲ့ ေျမြ ဆိုၿပီး လာလည္သူ အိႏၵိယအဖြဲ႔ ေတြကို တမီလ္လို ရွင္းျပေနပါတယ္။ စပ္စုခ်င္ေပမယ့္ တေယာက္တေပါက္ေမးေနတဲ့ တမီလ္ေတြ ၾကားမွာ ဘယ္လိုမွ ကိုယ့္အတြက္ အလွည့္ ေရာက္မလာနိုင္ဘူး ဆိုတာ သိရလို႔ ေရွ႕ ကို ပဲဆက္ သြားၾကည့္ ရမွာ ေက်ာက္ျဖစ္သြားတဲ့ ငါး ဆိုၿပီး သံဇကာ ကာထားၿပီး အလွဴခံ ေနတဲ့ အိႏၵယ အမ်ိဳးသမီး တစ္ေယာက္ ကိုေတြ႔ ရပါတယ္။ သူရွင္းျပတဲ့ ေက်ာက္ငါး အေၾကာင္းထက္ ခ်ပါတီ ကို ဒလိမ့္တုံး နဲ႔ လွိမ့္ေနသလို တမီလ္သံ ၉၉ ရာခိုင္ႏွုံး နဲ႔ မေလးစကား ကို ဘယ္လိုမွ နားမလည္ လို႔ အျမန္စကား ျဖတ္ၿပီး ေျပးရပါေတာ့တယ္။

အဲဒီေနာက္မွာ ဆင္နဲ႔ ေမ်ာက္က ဖူးေျမာ္ေနပုံ ထိုင္ရက္ ရုပ္ပြားေတာ္တစ္ဆူ ကို ေတြ႔ ရၿပီး နံရံ အျမင့္ပိုင္းေတြမွာ တရုတ္၊ မေလး၊ တမီလ္၊ ဟင္ဒီ ဘာသာေတြနဲ႔ အျပင္ ထိုင္းလို စာေတြ ေရးထား တာေတြရေပမယ့္ ဘာအေၾကာင္းအရာ၊ ဘာအဓိပၸါယ္ ဆိုတာကိုေတာ့ နားမလည္လို႔ မသိခဲ့ရပါဘူး။ ဂူအတြင္းပိုင္း အလည္ေလာက္မွာ သွ်ီ၀လဂၤ (Shiva Lingam) နဲ႔ ဟိႏၵဴ နတ္ဘုရားေက်ာင္း ေဆာင္ တစ္ခု ကို စတီး ပိုက္ေတြ ေၾကြျပား ေတြနဲ႔ အခိုင္အမာ ေဆာက္ထားတာ ေတြ႔ ရပါတယ္။ အဲဒီဘုရားေက်ာင္း ကိုေစာင့္ ေရွာက္တဲ့ ပုဏၰား တစ္ေယာက္ ကိုလဲ ဘုရားဖူးေတြ ၾကားထဲမွာ ေခါင္းတခါခါ လည္တရမ္းရမ္း လုပ္ေနတာ လွမ္းေတြ႔ ရပါတယ္။ ဂူ အတြင္းဖက္ဆုံး အပိုင္း ကို လမ္းညႊန္ ဆိုင္းဘုတ္ေတြ နဲ႔ ျပထား ၿပီး ေလ်ာင္း ေတာမူဘုရား တစ္ဆူကို ခပ္မွိန္မွိန္ အလင္းေရာင္ ေအာက္မွာ ဖူးေတြ႔ ရပါတယ္။




ေလ်ာင္းေတာ္မူ (လမ္းညႊန္ ဆိုင္းဘုတ္ေတြမွာ Sleeping Buddha လုိ႔ေရးထားပါတယ္။ အမွန္က Reclining Buddha ျဖစ္သင့္တာပါ)။

ဘုရားဖူး ေဒသခံ ေတြ နဲ႔ ျပတ္ေလ့ ရွိပုံ မေပၚေပမယ့္ ဂူအတြင္းထဲ က ဗုဒၶရုပ္ပြားေတာ္ေတြ ရဲ႕ ပန္းတေမာ့ လက္ရာ ကေတာ့ ေတာ္ေတာ္ညံ့ တယ္လို႔ ပဲ ပြင့္ပြင့္လင္းလင္း ေ၀ဖန္ရင္ ေတာ့ ျငင္းမယ့္ သူရွိမယ္ မထင္ဘူး။ ထုံးေက်ာက္ ဂူ ေတြမွာ ေတြ႔ ရေလ႔ ရွိတဲ့ ေက်ာက္ စက္ပန္းဆြဲ၊ေက်ာက္ စက္မိုးေမွ်ာ္၊ ေက်ာက္စက္ တိုင္ စတာ ေတြကို ေနရာ အႏွံ လိုလို ေတြ႔ ရပါတယ္။ သဘာ၀ရဲ႕ လွပဆန္း က်ယ္မွဳ႔ ကို အေကာင္းစား ကင္မရာ ေတြနဲ႔ မွတ္တမ္းတင္ ရိုက္ကူး ေနတာ လဲ ေတြ႔ ခဲ့ရပါတယ္။ က်ေနာ္ လဲ အားက်မခံ ပုံ အနည္းငယ္ ရိုက္လာခဲ့ ေပမယ့္ ဘာပုံ မွန္း သဲသဲ ကြဲကဲြ မေပၚေအာင္ ေကာင္းလြန္းလို႔ စိတ္မေကာင္း စြာပဲ ဖ်က္ ျပစ္လိုက္ရပါတယ္။


ဂူမႀကီး ရဲ႕ အျပင္ကို ထြက္လာၿပီး ၿခံဳႏြယ္ေတြနဲ႔ ပိတ္ေနတဲ့ လူသြားလမ္း ေလးအတိုင္း ထပ္တက္ၾကည့္ တဲ့ အခါမွာ ဒုတိယ ဆင့္ ဂူ ကိုထပ္ေတြ႔ ရပါတယ္။ အဲဒီဂူ ကေတာ့ ပန္ခ်င္း ေတာင္ရဲ႕ ထိပ္ပိုင္း မွာပါ။ ေတာင္ထိပ္ပိုင္း ကို တိုးလွ်ိဳ ေပါက္ သလိုမ်ိဳး ျဖစ္ေနတဲ့ အတြက္ အလင္းေရာင္ ေကာင္းစြာ ရရွိၿပီး အတြင္းပိုင္း ကို ရွင္းရွင္းလင္း လင္း ျမင္ရပါတယ္။ ေလေကာင္းေလသန္႔ ရတဲ့ အျပင္ ေတာင္ထိပ္ပိုင္း က လွမ္းျမင္ရတဲ့ ရွုခင္း ကလဲ အေမာေျပေစပါတယ္။ ေတာင္ထိပ္ပိုင္း က သစ္ပင္ၿခံဳႏြယ္ ေတြထူထပ္စြာ ျဖစ္ေပၚ ေနတဲ့ အပိုင္း က ငွက္ တစ္ေကာင္ရဲ႕ ေအာ္ျမည္သံ ကို မၾကာခဏ ၾကားရလို႔ သြားၾကည့္ ရမွာ ဆင္ေျခေလွ်ာ က အရမ္း မတ္ေဆာက္လြန္း ၿပီး လူသြား လို႔ ရတဲ့ လမ္း မေပါက္တာ ေၾကာင့္ ဆက္မသြား ႏိုင္ခဲ့ ပါဘူး။ က်ေနာ့္ အထင္ ေတာ့ မေလးေဒသခံ ရစ္ငွက္ တစ္မ်ိဳး (Malayan Greater Argus) ျဖစ္လိမ့္ မယ္လို႔ ယုံၾကည္ပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္ အေကာင္ ကို မေတြ႔ ခဲ့ ရလို႔ အတိအက် ေတာ့ မေျပာ ႏိုင္ေပဘူး။



ေတာင္ထိပ္မွာ ဟိုး အေ၀းက စီစီရီရီ ျမင္ေနရတဲ့ ဆီအုန္းပင္ေတြ ကိုလွမ္းေငး ၿပီး စီးကရက္ တစ္လိပ္နဲ႔ ခဏ အနားယူ ပါတယ္။ ေတာင္ေအာက္ ကို ျပန္ဆင္းၿပီးကြာလာ လမ္ပူ ကိုဦးတည္ ကာ ျပန္လာခဲ့ ၿပီး အေရွ႕ ဘက္ ကမ္းရိုးတန္း ခရီးစဥ္ ကို အဆုံးသတ္လိုက္ပါတယ္။                  ။


Information Plaque by Tourism Malaysia








ဆက္ဖတ္ၾကည္႔မယ္...

Saturday, October 24, 2009

Sarawak - on the Island of Borneo


Sarawak exists on Borneo, the third largest in the world after Greenland and New Guinea. Malaysian belongs two states on Borneo are separated in Sarawak with a size of 123520 square kilometer and Sabah with 75230 square kilometer. The sultanate Brunei wedged in between these two Malaysian states and the southern two third of Borneo is belong to Indonesia and called Kalimantan.

Sarawak is well famous for its richness in plants and animal species, in a way Borneo is a center of biodiversity in tropical Asia. There are 10 national parks and wildlife sanctuaries in Sarawak and which are home to quite a number of endangered animal species such as Proposcis Monkeys, Orang Utans, Sumatran Rhinoceros, Clouded Leopard, Asian Elephants et cetera.


Archaeological encounters at Santubong Peninsula serve that the Chinese came to trade during Tang, Yuan and Sung dynasties from 618 AD to 1368 AD. And it was under the control of the Sultan of Brunei once in the past, at some point, there is no written records of the "middle age". In fact, Sarawak's history is like an exciting story from a novel played by enthralling characters of various performers. It was full of mysterious and alluring time while James Brooke landed his first step to the inside of Sarawak from the Sarawak River. He become first White Raja in Sarawak.

"My intention is first to visit Sarawak - a river whence they get antimony ore, as yet unknown and unmarked on teh charts. At Sarawak, I hope to get hold of the Rajah of Borneo proper and go up to the capital with him and, if possible, make an excursion up the river. I feel confident something is to be done"
James Brooke (29 April 1803 – 11 June 1868)

The Chronicles of the Brooke ruled in an era by three generations of an English family whose first foray into Sarawak. James Brooke arrived in Kuching in 1839 to deliver a letter to the governor of Sarawak, Raja Muda Hashim. Sarawak was ruled by Brunei Sultanate at the time he arrived. The Brunei Sultanate and rebellion from the Malays and Bidayuh who had been forced into hard labor by the Governor. Rajah Muda Hashim was not able to control teh uprising and requested to James Brooke to compromise and bring a peaceful settlement with the natives. Brooke succeeded the operations and become White Raja of Sarawak in 1842 as a reward. Not before expanding his territory, in 1842 Rajah Brooke died.

His nephew Charles Brook took over him. Charles Brooke was well organized and capable person who set a proper system of government and extension of Sarawak Border. From 1941 - 1945, during the Japanese occupation, Charles and his family fled to Australia. No difference like other places during Japanese occupation, all economic and administrative structures are collapsed and the people of Sarawak were suffered. Before the return of Sir Charles Vyner Brooke, Sarawak was already took over by Austrilian Military Administration. Sarawak's colonization by British on 1 July 1946 and hundreds of government officers resigned from government service. In 1949, the second British Governor was assasinated by Rosli Dhobi. Despite Malaysia independent on 31 August 1957 (Merdeka Day), Sarawak did not achieve full independence until 16 September 1963 due to opposition from Indonesia and Philippines.


The People
There are 28 ethnic groups inhabitant in Sarawak with their own distinct language, culture and lifestyle. Urban ares are populated by Malay, Chinese, Melanaus and small percentage of Ibans and Bidayuh who are relocated from their village for various reasons such as work or education. There are only a small community of Indians living in Sarawak. It is a harmony amongst the population of over 2 million in 28 indigenous ethnic groups who speak 45 different languages. Furthermore Sarawak is a place of the cluster of various traditions, pratices and religions.

"But who is the civilised Malay or, as he is also termed, the Deurero-Malay or Coastal Malay, of Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, Borneo, Celebes, Ternate, Timor, Sumba, and other islands? This broad-headed individual with more or less Mongoloid features, olive skin, lank black hair and thin beard is the Proto-Malay plus many foreign strains derived from inter-marrage with Chinese from teh Chou period onwards, with Indians from Bengal and the Deccan, with Arabs and Siamese." Sir Richard Winstedt, The Malays: A Cultural History

The Malays
Twenty one percentage of the population in Sarawak, Malays are traditionally fishing, wood carving, silver and brass crafting as well as traditional Malay textile weaving. They are in fact originally migrated from Sumatra and they speak different dialect from the Malays of Peninsular Malaysia. Mostly they live traditionally along the coast.

The Chinese
They came to Sarawak as traders in early 6th century, Chinese now the 29 % of the population of Sarawak and practically built up strong community in social and business fields since 19th century then. Sarawakian Chinese are comprising Hokkien, Foochow, Hakka, Cantonese, Teochew and Henghua. They maintain their tradition and celebrate almost all of major cultural and religious activities.


The Iban
They are the largest portion of the total population which is 30 % of entire Sarawak, Iban are reputed as "headhunters of Borneo". Ibans dwell in their renowned longhouses and famous for their weaving, silver crafting, wood carvings and beads. The Ibans traditionally settle in the river valleys of Batang Ai, the Skrang River, Saribas, and the Rajang River by building up their longhouses. These longhouses may have somewhere between six to nearly a hundred units! Longhouses generally located in newly opened areas are typically made of bamboo and tree bark, but more established and prosperous longhouses can be made of precious and long-lasting hardwoods from the nearby forest. They practice their own democracy in a communal group. They keep the elderly as important rote to make major decisions. The headman who is elected by the people of the entire community of each longhouse. Nowadays, Ibans are well known for their hospitality and friendliness.

The Orang Ulu
The Orang Ulu means upriver people and it had used to mention numerous tribes who live in upriver of inside Sarawak. In fact these groups make up approximately 5.5% of Sarawak's total population. Those tribal groups include also major Kenyah and Kyan tribes as well as the minority groups of Kajang, Kejaman, Punan, Ukit and Penang. The word Orang Ulu nowadays more widely called also to down-river tribes of Lun Bawang, Lun Deyeh, Murut and Berwan as well as the hill tribal Kelabits.

***Note: I sincerely tried to write about Sarawak at a glance and I doubt my post would be covered all about Sarawak.

Ref:-
- Wikipedia
- Sarawak by Robert Hoebel
- Sarawak Tourism Board
- Masama
- Wan (Kuching)

Photos:-
- Courtesy of Sarawak Tourism Board
- Sir Francis Grant from file Wikipedia

ဆက္ဖတ္ၾကည္႔မယ္...

Monday, June 15, 2009

The Best of Southeast Asia by UNESCO - 1

UNESCO

The United Nations' Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) objected to secure the world natural and cultural and natural sites (World's Heritage Sites) since a decade ago. This great idea was to develop a major framework with international participation for the protection of the world's most greatest cultural, natural and mixed (a particular site combination of cultural and natural) sites.. It is finally transformed into a must see list for tourists and a must do list for tour operators / destination countries.


Southeast Asia as One Destination


Since it has been listed by UNESCO, the list for Southeast Asia Region become a list of "places to be visited" and "the best of the region". These are :-

Cambodia

  • Angkorwat (become world heritage site in 1992) (Cultural Site)
  • Temple of Preah Vihear (become world heritage site in 2008) (Cultural Site)

Indonesia
  • Borodudur Temple Compounds (become world heritage site in 1991) (Cultural Site)
  • Komodo National Park (become world heritage site in 1991) (Natural Site)
  • Prambanan Temple Compounds (become world heritage site in 1991) (Cultural Site)
  • Ujung Kulon National Park (become world heritage site in 1991) (Natural Site)
  • Sangiran Early Man Site (become world heritage site in 1996) (Cultural Site)
  • Lorentz National Park (become world heritage site in 1999) (Natural Site)
  • Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra (become world heritage site in 2004) (Natural Site)

Malaysia
  • Mulu National Park (become world heritage site in 2000) (Natural Site)
  • Kinabalu National Park (become world heritage site in 2000) (Natural Site)
  • Melaka & Georgetown - Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca (become world heritage site in 2008) (Cultural Site)

Myanmar
Note: Myanmar is not in the list ??? I am planning to mention in my future posts..


Philippines
  • Baroque Churches of Philippines (become world heritage site in 1993) (Cultural Site)
  • Tubbatah Reef Marine Park (become world heritage site in 1993) (Cultural Site)
  • Rice Terraces of Philippine Cordilleras (become world heritage site in 1995) (Natural Site)
  • Historic Town of Vigan (become world heritage site in 1999) (Cultural Site)
  • Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park (become world heritage site in 1999) (Natural Site)


Thailand

  • City of Ayutthaya (become world heritage site in 1991) (Cultural Site)
  • Sukhothai (become world heritage site in 1991) (Cultural Site)
  • Thungyai-Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries (become world heritage site in 1991) (Natural Site)
  • Ban Chiang Archaeological Site (become world heritage site in 1992) (Cultural Site)
  • Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest Complex (become world heritage site in 2005) (Natural Site)

Vietnam
  • Hue Monuments (become world heritage site in 1993) (Cultural Site)
  • Ha Long Bay (become world heritage site in 1994) (Natural Site)
  • Hoi An Ancient Town (become world heritage site in 1999) (Cultural Site)
  • My Son Sanctuary (become world heritage site in 1999) (Natural Site)
  • Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (become world heritage site in 2003) (Natural Site)

To be continued...


Ref:
- UNESCO official site
- UNESCO bkk
- Wikipedia (the free online encyclopedia)
- David Bowden (Travel Author / Journalist)
- Personal notes

*Photo - Logo of UNESCO World Heritage Sites

ဆက္ဖတ္ၾကည္႔မယ္...

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